GRAMMAR DEFINITIONS PART ONE
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Deergham and hraswam:
1.1.1, व्र् द्धिः आत् ऐच् , vriddhi is ‘aich’ before all ‘a——-chi’, all vowels, like raamaabyaam , raamaan, ൗ
2, अदेझ् ,गुणः, guna is (only) before ‘ e ng’, raamena raameshu etc.
3, अदसो मात्, (इक: एव गुण (व् र्द्ध), ), guna and vridhhi come
only before ‘ i —-k ng ), nayathi as against anaarsheeth, etc.
4, न धातुलोपे आर्धधातुके, they are not used when the verb is in the passive voice, and part of root of it is eluded, bhaavayathi, versus bhavathe,
5, क् झ् इति च, the same in ‘ k’ ‘and ‘ng’, chitha:, chithavan, etc.
6, दीधी वेवी इटाम्, the same that come in the place of ‘it’, for the verbs, deedhee and vevee, aadeedhyenam, aaveevyenam, etc.————’
Samyygam:
7, हलोनन्तरा: सम्योग:, samyoga is a group of .consonants, combined together without gap, Indra:, Chandra:, etc.
Anunaasikam:
8, मुखनासिकावचनँ अनुनासिक:, The syllable, spoken through the nose that
andmouth together, used only in Vedic chants
Savarnam:
the shape of the mouth and effort made for producing it, s ‘varna,, dandahastha
10, न अच् हल् औ, it is not savarnam, if the syllables have different mouth is shape, and effort, hothrikaara:
Pragrihyam:
Ths set of syllables , is for those few that do not form Sandhis, combinations, that are shown in this group, which cause changes in
the neighbouring syllables, what in German is named ‘umlaut’. :
11, ईत् ऊत् एत् प्रगृह्यँ, pragrihyam is the group the syllables, ‘ eeth ooth eth ‘,
‘kavee aasthaam’, ‘sadhoo upadishatha: baalike ime’ , etc.
12, अदसो मात्, it is not, if they are prsgrihyam, ‘amoo ime.’
13, शे, syllable ‘she’ too is, ‘ one eelasme idam’, found in vedic chants, ‘ asme indraa brihaspathee’.
14, निपात: एकाच् अनाझ्, an affix, consisting of only one syllable, Is also prägtihyam, eg., u uthhishtha’.
15, syllable ‘oth’ too is,s ‘ uthaaho idam ‘ etc.
15,ओत्, an affix ending in ‘o’ is pragrihyam, eg. uthaaho idam, aho idam’.
16, सम्बुद्धौ शाकल्यस्य इतौ, in Sakalya’s opinion, in nonvedic usage , ‘u’ is pragrihyam. before ‘ithi’, others having different views, amounting to both beingin usage, and acceptable, eg. vayo ithi, vayavithi, etc.
17) उज्ञः, before ‘aa’, , in nonvedic usage, ‘u’ ‘ooh’ ‘Is optionally
Pragerihyam, before ‘ u ithi’ and ‘vithi
18, ऊूँ, affix ending in ‘ooth’ too is pragrihyam, eg. ‘zoo ithi, vithi’.
19, ईदूदेतौ, सप्तम्यर्त्थे, eg. ‘some gauree adhishritha:.’
20, घु अदाप्, ‘da’ and ‘dha’ are pragrihyam, except those with ‘p’ as ith, eg. deeyathe dheeyathe.
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PART 1 INTRODUCTION
All animate beings are able to produce sounds on their own, as against the inanimate, which can be made to sound, but never by themselves.
The further development is combining these sounds into what we call syllables,
groups like words, sentences etc,.
The groups also serve as making it easy to remember, as also to give a meaning to them, such as we can form sets, having same qualities, as how made, and how they sound to the listeners, like soft, guttural, etc.
In all these, giving a meaning to each sound, its length, pitch etc,
which are called CODES.
Panini’s system is based on grouping the sounds, in which the last is not part of the group, but only for indicating the end of it, with the first beginning the set.
There is an infinite number of possible sounds, with their variations in pitch, length etc., which all the people cannot produce, depending on the structure of the mouth, tongue, larynx etc.
Also as we cannot remember all of this because of the limited capacity of the brain, they need to be preserved, as something visible, like marks of black on white background more permanent than air.
This became possible, when ink was invented, and with the invention of pape ft awriting and reading easy and pleasant, which ushered Reformation,
अ आ इ उ (ण्) ँ ( क्) ए ऐ ( च्),
ओ औ (झ्), ह य व र (ट्) ल (ण्)क ख ग घ झ च छ ज न्छ
ट ठ ड ढ ण, त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म
य र ल व श ष ह (ल्)
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The sets are formed by taking the first ्, say അ, and anyच्टट
last sound of the च्set, ണ, for example. The last half consonant in the group 1is not part of the िछgroup but is there to distinguish that set from the others.
The further development is combining these sounds into what we call syllables,
groups like words, sentences etc,.
The groups also serve as making it easy to remember, as also to give a meaning to them, such as we can form sets, having same qualities, as how made, and how they sound to the listeners, like soft, guttural, etc.
In all these, giving a meaning to each sound, its length, pitch etc, which are
called CODES.
Panini’s system is based on grouping the sounds, in which the last is not part of the group, but only for indicating the end of it, with the first beginning the set There is an infinite number of possible sounds, with their variations in the pitch, length etc., which all the people cannot produce, depending on the structure of the mouth, tongue, larynx etc., which we cannot remember, because of the limited capacity of the brain, so that they need to be preserved, as something visible, like marks of black on white background more permanent than air.
This became possible, when ink was invented, and with the invention of paper which made writing and reading easy and pleasant, leading to which ushered Reformation, and a spurt in the production of excellent poems and novels.
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GRAMMAR I interpretation
परिभाषा, interpretation of the सूत्र, formula:
1.1.55, आदे: परस्य, it means that any substitute for the next syllable, is to be at its beginning.
1,1 56,अचः परस्मिन्निति पूर्वविधौ, a word is in the locative case, it means that the rule is to be applied to the locative case.
1.1.57 ,तस्य इति स्थानेयोगा, in possessive case, ‘ in the place of ,’ has to be interpolated.
1.1.58, अच: परस्मिन्निति पूर्वविधौ, रामाय रामेति विष्णवेति
1.1.59, न पदान्त-द्विर्वचन-वरे-यलोप-स्वर-सवर्ण-अनुस्वार-दीर्घ-जश्चर्विधिषु, कानि सन्ति, दध्यत्र,यायावर, कण्डूति:, चिकीर्षकः, पिणढु, पिन्सन्ति, प्रतिदीौव्ना,सग्धिः, जक्षतुः
1.1.60, द्विर्वचने अचि, पपतु:,पपु:
1.1.61, तस्ंमात् इति उत्तरस्य, in the separarativecase, ‘ from ‘ has to be at its beginning.
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GRAMMAR DEFINITIONS
1.1.1, व्र् द्धिः आत् ऐच् , vriddhi is ‘aich’ before all ‘a——-chi’, all vowels, like raamaabyaam , raamaan,
2, अदेझ् ,गुणः, guna is (only) before ‘ e ng’, raamena raameshu etc.
3, अदसो मात्, (इक: एव गुण (व् र्द्ध), ), guna and vridhhi come
only before ‘ i —-k ng ), nayathi as against anaarsheeth, etc.
4, न धातुलोपे आर्धधातुके, they are not used when the verb is in the passive
voice, and part of root of it is eluded, bhaavayathi, versus bhavathe,
5, क् झ् इति च, the same in ‘ k’ ‘and ‘ng’, chitha:, chithavan, etc.
6, दीधी वेवी इटाम्, the same that come in the place of ‘it’, for the verbs, deedhee and vevee, aadeedhyenam, aaveevyenam, etc.
————’
7, हलोनन्तरा: सम्योग:, samyoga is a group of .consonants, combined together without gap, Indra:, Chandra:, etc.
8, मुखनासिकावचनँ अनुशासिक:,
GRAMMAR 1.1.3
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DEFINITITIONS
1, हल: अनन्तरा: सम्योगः, samyoga, as defined by Panini ‘k‘ and ‘r’ forming ’or’,
for example,of ,consonants; if it is of vowels, semi-vowels and diphthongs, as ‘e’ and ‘a’ and ‘i’ forming ‘ey’ and ‘ai’ respectively, Agni Manda etc.
2, मुखनासिकावचनँ अनुनासिकँ, it occurs in only Vedic chants.
3, तुल्यास्यप्रयतनँ सवर्णँ, Savarnam a syllable which has the same ‘aasya’, shape, of the vocal passage, and the same ‘prayatna’, and the same effort of changing it, as another.
The shape depends on the inherited properties like the body build, and size which determine the size of lungs, the configuration of the mouth, which can be changed at will, due to its flexibility and fixed, whereas the effort involves continuous movement of the parts.
We get the sensation of sounds, such as loud, soft, nasal, etc. by the shape, and the sensation of change in their pitch, giving rise to all the various melodies and harmonies in the great compositions of orchestra in Europe, and Thyagaraja in India, etc.
4, न अच् हलादौ, (तुल्ल्यास्यप्रयत्ने सति अपि), vowels and consonants are not ‘savarnam’, and ‘ i’ does not become Savarna, and deergha, long, though their shape and effort are the same, ‘d’ + ‘n’ = Dandahastha, not Dandaahastha.
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A sample
GRAMMAR DEFINITIONS PART ONE
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Deergham and hraswam:
1.1.1, व्र् द्धिः आत् ऐच् , vriddhi is ‘aich’ before all ‘a——-chi’, all vowels, like raamaabyaam , raamaan, ൗ
2, अदेझ् ,गुणः, guna is (only) before ‘ e ng’, raamena raameshu etc.
3, अदसो मात्, (इक: एव गुण (व् र्द्ध), ), guna and vridhhi come
only before ‘ i —-k ng ), nayathi as against anaarsheeth, etc.
4, न धातुलोपे आर्धधातुके, they are not used when the verb is in the passive voice, and part of root of it is eluded, bhaavayathi, versus bhavathe,
5, क् झ् इति च, the same in ‘ k’ ‘and ‘ng’, chitha:, chithavan, etc.
6, दीधी वेवी इटाम्, the same that come in the place of ‘it’, for the verbs, deedhee and vevee, aadeedhyenam, aaveevyenam, etc.————’
Samyygam:
7, हलोनन्तरा: सम्योग:, samyoga is a group of .consonants, combined together without gap, Indra:, Chandra:, etc.
Anunaasikam:
8, मुखनासिकावचनँ अनुनासिक:, The syllable, spoken through the nose that
andmouth together, used only in Vedic chants
Savarnam:
the shape of the mouth and effort made for producing it, s ‘varna,, dandahas
10, न अच् हल् औ, it is not savarnam, if the syllables have different mouth is shape, and effort, hothrikaara:
Pragrihyam:
Ths set of syllables , is for those few that do not form Sandhis, combinations, that are shown in this group, which cause changes in the neighbouring syllables, what in German is named ‘umlaut’.
11, ईत् ऊत् एत् प्रगृह्यँ, pragrihyam is the group the syllables, ‘ eeth ooth eth ‘,
kavee aasthaam, sadhoo
upadishatha: baalike ime, etc.
12, अदसो मात्, it is not, if they are prsgrihyam amoo ime.
14, शे, syllable ‘she’ too is, ‘ asme idam’ t is found in vedic chants.
15, ओत्, syllable ‘oth’ too is, ‘ uthaaho idam ‘ etc.
16, सम्बद्धौ शकल्यस्य अनाररषे, in Saakalya’s opinion, ‘in common u’ is optionally
pragrihyam,
17, उज्ञः, before ‘aa’, , in common usage, ‘u’ ‘ooh’ ‘Is optionally pragrihyam, before ‘ u ithi’ and ‘vithi’.
